Bruising, or ecchymosis, occurs when small blood vessels beneath the skin break, allowing blood to pool in surrounding tissue.

While often caused by minor bumps, some people bruise more easily due to health or lifestyle factors. Vitamin C, K, or iron deficiencies can weaken blood vessels or impair clotting. Medications such as blood thinners, aspirin, or corticosteroids also raise risk, while aging, sun damage, and chronic conditions like diabetes, liver disease, or hemophilia make bruising more likely.

Treatment usually follows the RICE method—rest, ice, compression, elevation—plus pain relief and warm compresses after 48 hours. Prevention includes protective gear, safe environments, and proper nutrition. Frequent or unexplained bruising, especially with other bleeding symptoms, requires medical evaluation.