Alzheimer’s disease has long been a medical mystery, but a 2019 theory suggests that gum disease could be a key factor in triggering the condition. Alzheimer’s typically results from brain atrophy, where the brain shrinks, affecting its structure and function. While age, genetics, and lifestyle factors are known contributors, the role of oral health in the disease’s development has recently been questioned.

A study led by microbiologist Jan Potempa found a connection between gum disease and a decline in brain function. The research showed that Porphyromonas gingivalis, the bacterium behind chronic gum disease, was found in the brains of deceased Alzheimer’s patients. Earlier studies with mice also suggested that this pathogen could invade the brain, raising the possibility of a link between oral health and Alzheimer’s.

The 2019 study found increased amyloid beta production, a protein associated with Alzheimer’s, and discovered toxic enzymes called gingipains secreted by the gum bacteria in Alzheimer’s patients’ brains. While the study does not claim to have definitively identified the cause of Alzheimer’s, researchers emphasized the importance of considering mouth health in early Alzheimer’s discussions. However, it remains unclear whether gum disease causes Alzheimer’s, or if dementia leads to poor oral health.